Browse by function

This page categorizes genes involved in natural transformation based on their primary functional roles, such as DNA binding and uptake, along with corresponding gene lists.

  • Multifunctionality of Individual Genes: A single gene may contribute to multiple functional categories within the natural transformation process. For example, DprA in Streptococcus pneumoniae functions both in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) protection and RecA loading as well as in mediating competence shut-off.

  • Functional Divergence of Genes Across Species: Genes sharing identical nomenclature can exhibit distinct biological roles in different bacterial species. For example, ComA in Bacillus subtilis activates transcription of comS, thereby regulating competence development. In contrast, ComA in Haemophilus influenzae directly participates in DNA uptake, primarily through its involvement in type IV pilus biogenesis and function.


    • Machinery genes are the genes that directly mediate key stages of natural transformation process, including DNA binding, DNA uptake, DNA processing, and homologous recombination.

    Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes
    pilT DNA binding and uptake 20804 13 experimental 20791 insolico
    comM DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Unclear Competence regulation 18818 14 experimental 18804 insolico
    pilD DNA binding and uptake 9757 8 experimental 9749 insolico
    pilU DNA binding and uptake 8751 3 experimental 8748 insolico
    pilC DNA binding and uptake 7753 15 experimental 7738 insolico
    comA DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Competence regulation 7452 21 experimental 7431 insolico
    pilB DNA binding and uptake 7422 11 experimental 7411 insolico
    comEA DNA binding and uptake 6599 25 experimental 6574 insolico
    pilA DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 6192 22 experimental 6170 insolico
    comEC DNA binding and uptake 5887 24 experimental 5863 insolico
    pilG DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 5710 3 experimental 5707 insolico
    comGA DNA binding and uptake 5222 12 experimental 5210 insolico
    comGC DNA binding and uptake 4728 11 experimental 4717 insolico
    pilQ DNA binding and uptake DNA processing 4693 15 experimental 4678 insolico
    pilM DNA binding and uptake 4107 6 experimental 4101 insolico
    comE DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 3647 20 experimental 3627 insolico
    comFA DNA binding and uptake 3467 9 experimental 3458 insolico
    comGB DNA binding and uptake 3449 11 experimental 3438 insolico
    rpoN DNA binding and uptake 3181 1 experimental 3180 insolico
    rpoN1 DNA binding and uptake 3181 1 experimental 3180 insolico
    comGD DNA binding and uptake 3155 11 experimental 3144 insolico
    ceuB DNA binding and uptake 2967 1 experimental 2966 insolico
    comGE DNA binding and uptake 2936 11 experimental 2925 insolico
    comGF DNA binding and uptake 2755 11 experimental 2744 insolico
    coiA DNA binding and uptake Homologous recombination Unclear 2682 10 experimental 2672 insolico
    comFC DNA binding and uptake 2536 12 experimental 2524 insolico
    pilF DNA binding and uptake 2511 6 experimental 2505 insolico
    pilN DNA binding and uptake 2319 7 experimental 2312 insolico
    pilP DNA binding and uptake 2314 5 experimental 2309 insolico
    comF DNA binding and uptake Unclear 2214 11 experimental 2203 insolico
    pilV DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 2169 7 experimental 2162 insolico
    comZ DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 2118 2 experimental 2116 insolico
    exbB DNA binding and uptake 2107 1 experimental 2106 insolico
    pilO DNA binding and uptake 1935 6 experimental 1929 insolico
    comP DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 1911 6 experimental 1905 insolico
    pilE DNA binding and uptake 1897 6 experimental 1891 insolico
    comYH DNA binding and uptake 1698 2 experimental 1696 insolico
    comC DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 1620 19 experimental 1601 insolico
    cflA DNA binding and uptake 1461 6 experimental 1455 insolico
    comGG DNA binding and uptake 1437 8 experimental 1429 insolico
    priA DNA binding and uptake 1227 1 experimental 1226 insolico
    comYB DNA binding and uptake 1168 3 experimental 1165 insolico
    tsaP DNA binding and uptake 1168 1 experimental 1167 insolico
    tonB2 DNA binding and uptake 1160 1 experimental 1159 insolico
    xcpW DNA binding and uptake 1160 1 experimental 1159 insolico
    xcpV DNA binding and uptake 1139 1 experimental 1138 insolico
    comYC DNA binding and uptake 1038 4 experimental 1034 insolico
    pilX DNA binding and uptake 980 3 experimental 977 insolico
    comYA DNA binding and uptake 958 3 experimental 955 insolico
    fimV DNA binding and uptake 930 1 experimental 929 insolico
    pilW DNA binding and uptake 909 2 experimental 907 insolico
    fimU DNA binding and uptake 856 1 experimental 855 insolico
    pilY2 DNA binding and uptake 841 1 experimental 840 insolico
    pilY1 DNA binding and uptake 838 1 experimental 837 insolico
    pilA2 DNA binding and uptake 835 3 experimental 832 insolico
    celB DNA binding and uptake 821 6 experimental 815 insolico
    cglC DNA binding and uptake 740 6 experimental 734 insolico
    comE1 DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 736 4 experimental 732 insolico
    comYF DNA binding and uptake 722 2 experimental 720 insolico
    dsbA1 DNA binding and uptake 688 1 experimental 687 insolico
    pilH DNA binding and uptake 679 2 experimental 677 insolico
    proC DNA binding and uptake 635 1 experimental 634 insolico
    comB DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 583 13 experimental 570 insolico
    comD DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 579 15 experimental 564 insolico
    ctsG DNA binding and uptake 568 1 experimental 567 insolico
    Cj0683 DNA binding and uptake 560 1 experimental 559 insolico
    ctsE DNA binding and uptake 551 1 experimental 550 insolico
    ctsR DNA binding and uptake 550 1 experimental 549 insolico
    ctsD DNA binding and uptake 549 1 experimental 548 insolico
    comB3 DNA binding and uptake 546 1 experimental 545 insolico
    ctsF DNA binding and uptake 544 1 experimental 543 insolico
    ctsP DNA binding and uptake 544 1 experimental 543 insolico
    comL DNA binding and uptake DNA processing 543 3 experimental 540 insolico
    comB2 DNA binding and uptake 540 1 experimental 539 insolico
    uvrC DNA binding and uptake 540 1 experimental 539 insolico
    HI0659 DNA binding and uptake 539 1 experimental 538 insolico
    cglF DNA binding and uptake 530 6 experimental 524 insolico
    cclA DNA binding and uptake 526 6 experimental 520 insolico
    cilC DNA binding and uptake 526 6 experimental 520 insolico
    cglA DNA binding and uptake 516 7 experimental 509 insolico
    Cj0011c DNA binding and uptake 510 1 experimental 509 insolico
    ctsT DNA binding and uptake 503 1 experimental 502 insolico
    comB10 DNA binding and uptake 499 1 experimental 498 insolico
    comQ DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 495 3 experimental 492 insolico
    cflB DNA binding and uptake 472 6 experimental 466 insolico
    ctsX DNA binding and uptake 468 1 experimental 467 insolico
    celA DNA binding and uptake 454 6 experimental 448 insolico
    cilE DNA binding and uptake 454 6 experimental 448 insolico
    cilD DNA binding and uptake 430 6 experimental 424 insolico
    rec2 DNA binding and uptake 426 1 experimental 425 insolico
    comYD DNA binding and uptake 416 3 experimental 413 insolico
    pilJ DNA binding and uptake 416 2 experimental 414 insolico
    comB4 DNA binding and uptake 385 1 experimental 384 insolico
    comB8 DNA binding and uptake 385 1 experimental 384 insolico
    comB9 DNA binding and uptake 384 1 experimental 383 insolico
    comE3 DNA binding and uptake 374 1 experimental 373 insolico
    comB6 DNA binding and uptake 373 1 experimental 372 insolico
    comH DNA binding and uptake 364 1 experimental 363 insolico
    pilK DNA binding and uptake 363 1 experimental 362 insolico
    comB7 DNA binding and uptake 362 1 experimental 361 insolico
    pilF2 DNA binding and uptake 360 1 experimental 359 insolico
    tpc DNA binding and uptake DNA processing 353 1 experimental 352 insolico
    cglE DNA binding and uptake 351 6 experimental 345 insolico
    cglD DNA binding and uptake 298 6 experimental 292 insolico
    cglB DNA binding and uptake 289 6 experimental 283 insolico
    comN DNA binding and uptake 288 2 experimental 286 insolico
    pilB1 DNA binding and uptake 286 1 experimental 285 insolico
    cglG DNA binding and uptake 279 6 experimental 273 insolico
    comO DNA binding and uptake 253 2 experimental 251 insolico
    pilL DNA binding and uptake 226 1 experimental 225 insolico
    comYE DNA binding and uptake 219 2 experimental 217 insolico
    pilAI DNA binding and uptake 211 1 experimental 210 insolico
    pilZ DNA binding and uptake 176 2 experimental 174 insolico
    fimT DNA binding and uptake 173 2 experimental 171 insolico
    lpp1976 DNA binding and uptake 148 2 experimental 146 insolico
    lpp1977 DNA binding and uptake 148 2 experimental 146 insolico
    lpp1978 DNA binding and uptake 148 2 experimental 146 insolico
    dsbA2 DNA binding and uptake 140 1 experimental 139 insolico
    pilI DNA binding and uptake 119 1 experimental 118 insolico
    pilA1 DNA binding and uptake 109 3 experimental 106 insolico
    comYG DNA binding and uptake 53 2 experimental 51 insolico
    pilL-C DNA binding and uptake 47 1 experimental 46 insolico
    epdL DNA binding and uptake 43 2 experimental 41 insolico
    epdJ DNA binding and uptake 41 2 experimental 39 insolico
    ddrB DNA binding and uptake 39 1 experimental 38 insolico
    epdK DNA binding and uptake 38 2 experimental 36 insolico
    pilA3 DNA binding and uptake 27 1 experimental 26 insolico
    MMJJ_RS05685 DNA binding and uptake 26 1 experimental 25 insolico
    eppA DNA binding and uptake 23 1 experimental 22 insolico
    pilA5 DNA binding and uptake 17 1 experimental 16 insolico
    pilC1 DNA binding and uptake 8 1 experimental 7 insolico
    pilC2 DNA binding and uptake 8 1 experimental 7 insolico
    epdE DNA binding and uptake 7 1 experimental 6 insolico
    pilA4 DNA binding and uptake 5 1 experimental 4 insolico
    comYI DNA binding and uptake Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
    hofB DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    hofC DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    hofM DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    hofN DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    hofO DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    hofP DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    hofQ DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    mshC DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ppdA DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ppdB DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ppdC DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ppdD DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    pppA DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ybaV DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ycaI DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ycgB DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    ygdB DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    yggR DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    yggT DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
    yifB DNA binding and uptake 1 0 experimental 1 insolico

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      experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted

      Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes
      ssb DNA processing 35158 7 experimental 35151 insolico
      comM DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Unclear Competence regulation 18818 14 experimental 18804 insolico
      dprA DNA processing Competence regulation 11018 29 experimental 10989 insolico
      ssbA DNA processing 10904 2 experimental 10902 insolico
      comA DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Competence regulation 7452 21 experimental 7431 insolico
      pilQ DNA binding and uptake DNA processing 4693 15 experimental 4678 insolico
      comI DNA processing 3360 1 experimental 3359 insolico
      nucA DNA processing 3360 1 experimental 3359 insolico
      ssbB DNA processing 2129 9 experimental 2120 insolico
      recO DNA processing Homologous recombination 1863 2 experimental 1861 insolico
      endA DNA processing 1204 5 experimental 1199 insolico
      comL DNA binding and uptake DNA processing 543 3 experimental 540 insolico
      cilB DNA processing Competence regulation 375 6 experimental 369 insolico
      dalA DNA processing Competence regulation 375 6 experimental 369 insolico
      cilA DNA processing 374 6 experimental 368 insolico
      tpc DNA binding and uptake DNA processing 353 1 experimental 352 insolico
      smf DNA processing 1 0 experimental 1 insolico

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        experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted

        Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes
        recA Homologous recombination 47218 26 experimental 47192 insolico
        radA Homologous recombination 18480 7 experimental 18473 insolico
        cinA Unclear Homologous recombination 5912 9 experimental 5903 insolico
        recD2 Homologous recombination 5123 1 experimental 5122 insolico
        recN Homologous recombination 3881 1 experimental 3880 insolico
        coiA DNA binding and uptake Homologous recombination Unclear 2682 10 experimental 2672 insolico
        recJ Homologous recombination 2254 1 experimental 2253 insolico
        recF Homologous recombination 1868 2 experimental 1866 insolico
        recO DNA processing Homologous recombination 1863 2 experimental 1861 insolico
        recU Homologous recombination 1862 1 experimental 1861 insolico
        addA Homologous recombination 1852 1 experimental 1851 insolico
        addB Homologous recombination 1851 1 experimental 1850 insolico
        ccrA Homologous recombination 1215 2 experimental 1213 insolico
        ccrB Homologous recombination 1210 2 experimental 1208 insolico
        sbcB Homologous recombination 681 1 experimental 680 insolico
        dprB Homologous recombination 486 1 experimental 485 insolico
        recC Homologous recombination 398 1 experimental 397 insolico
        recD Homologous recombination 392 1 experimental 391 insolico
        recB Homologous recombination 387 1 experimental 386 insolico
        recG Homologous recombination 376 1 experimental 375 insolico
        recR Homologous recombination 45 1 experimental 44 insolico

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          experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted

          Regulatory genes include regulators operating through transcriptional control, post-translational modification, targeted proteolysis or other regulatory mechanisms to control competence development.

          Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes
          comM DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Unclear Competence regulation 18818 14 experimental 18804 insolico
          tfoX Competence regulation 11267 13 experimental 11254 insolico
          dprA DNA processing Competence regulation 11018 29 experimental 10989 insolico
          sxy Competence regulation 10541 5 experimental 10536 insolico
          comA DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Competence regulation 7452 21 experimental 7431 insolico
          pilA DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 6192 22 experimental 6170 insolico
          pepF Competence regulation 5820 1 experimental 5819 insolico
          pilG DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 5710 3 experimental 5707 insolico
          pilR Competence regulation 4637 2 experimental 4635 insolico
          clpC Competence regulation 4267 10 experimental 4257 insolico
          abrB Competence regulation 4186 1 experimental 4185 insolico
          clpP Unclear Competence regulation 4121 13 experimental 4108 insolico
          comE DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 3647 20 experimental 3627 insolico
          mecA Competence regulation 3553 10 experimental 3543 insolico
          comK Competence regulation 3361 3 experimental 3358 insolico
          eeP Competence regulation 3278 2 experimental 3276 insolico
          pilS Competence regulation 2653 2 experimental 2651 insolico
          comX Competence regulation 2590 31 experimental 2559 insolico
          htrA Competence regulation 2575 7 experimental 2568 insolico
          vraR Competence regulation 2278 1 experimental 2277 insolico
          vraS Competence regulation 2273 1 experimental 2272 insolico
          agrA Competence regulation 2245 1 experimental 2244 insolico
          pilV DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 2169 7 experimental 2162 insolico
          comZ DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 2118 2 experimental 2116 insolico
          crp Competence regulation 2086 3 experimental 2083 insolico
          codY Competence regulation 2084 2 experimental 2082 insolico
          comK1 Competence regulation 2054 2 experimental 2052 insolico
          braR Competence regulation 2046 1 experimental 2045 insolico
          braS Competence regulation 2012 1 experimental 2011 insolico
          rcrQ Competence regulation 1989 1 experimental 1988 insolico
          comP DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 1911 6 experimental 1905 insolico
          spo0A Competence regulation 1861 1 experimental 1860 insolico
          sinR Competence regulation 1860 1 experimental 1859 insolico
          kre Competence regulation 1844 1 experimental 1843 insolico
          recX Competence regulation 1841 2 experimental 1839 insolico
          sepM Competence regulation 1698 1 experimental 1697 insolico
          covR Competence regulation 1648 2 experimental 1646 insolico
          sigH Competence regulation 1647 3 experimental 1644 insolico
          sigX Competence regulation 1638 16 experimental 1622 insolico
          comC DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 1620 19 experimental 1601 insolico
          amiF Competence regulation 1540 3 experimental 1537 insolico
          spo0J Competence regulation 1500 1 experimental 1499 insolico
          ccpA Competence regulation 1485 3 experimental 1482 insolico
          vicX Competence regulation 1479 1 experimental 1478 insolico
          clpX Unclear Competence regulation 1478 2 experimental 1476 insolico
          pptA Competence regulation 1478 2 experimental 1476 insolico
          clpE Competence regulation 1476 5 experimental 1471 insolico
          comX2 Competence regulation 1469 9 experimental 1460 insolico
          rok Competence regulation 1463 1 experimental 1462 insolico
          med Competence regulation 1431 1 experimental 1430 insolico
          ciaR Competence regulation 1373 5 experimental 1368 insolico
          ciaH Competence regulation 1352 5 experimental 1347 insolico
          degU Competence regulation 1338 1 experimental 1337 insolico
          degS Competence regulation 1337 1 experimental 1336 insolico
          degQ Competence regulation 1318 1 experimental 1317 insolico
          vicR Competence regulation 1283 1 experimental 1282 insolico
          rcrP Competence regulation 1267 1 experimental 1266 insolico
          prx Competence regulation 1237 7 experimental 1230 insolico
          comR Unclear Competence regulation 1236 15 experimental 1221 insolico
          amiA Competence regulation 1189 1 experimental 1188 insolico
          rapC Competence regulation 1181 1 experimental 1180 insolico
          hns Competence regulation 1172 1 experimental 1171 insolico
          comS Competence regulation 1170 12 experimental 1158 insolico
          sinI Competence regulation 1138 1 experimental 1137 insolico
          comJ Competence regulation 1116 1 experimental 1115 insolico
          nin Competence regulation 1116 1 experimental 1115 insolico
          chpA Competence regulation 1088 1 experimental 1087 insolico
          treR Competence regulation 1086 1 experimental 1085 insolico
          amiD Competence regulation 1069 3 experimental 1066 insolico
          amiC Competence regulation 1061 3 experimental 1058 insolico
          amiE Competence regulation 1058 3 experimental 1055 insolico
          amiA3 Competence regulation 1036 2 experimental 1034 insolico
          phrC Competence regulation 1029 1 experimental 1028 insolico
          rapF Competence regulation 1025 1 experimental 1024 insolico
          sigX2 Competence regulation 977 5 experimental 972 insolico
          pknB Competence regulation 930 2 experimental 928 insolico
          vicK Competence regulation 929 1 experimental 928 insolico
          luxO Competence regulation 862 1 experimental 861 insolico
          blpR Competence regulation 827 1 experimental 826 insolico
          nlmT Competence regulation 816 1 experimental 815 insolico
          comE1 DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 736 4 experimental 732 insolico
          chiS Competence regulation 725 1 experimental 724 insolico
          luxS Competence regulation 688 1 experimental 687 insolico
          rpoS Competence regulation 666 1 experimental 665 insolico
          stkP Competence regulation 661 5 experimental 656 insolico
          cytR Competence regulation 660 2 experimental 658 insolico
          luxP Competence regulation 653 1 experimental 652 insolico
          waaF Competence regulation 649 1 experimental 648 insolico
          qstR Competence regulation 646 3 experimental 643 insolico
          kpsS Competence regulation 626 1 experimental 625 insolico
          phrF Competence regulation 609 1 experimental 608 insolico
          CJE0566 Competence regulation 601 1 experimental 600 insolico
          cqsA Competence regulation 597 1 experimental 596 insolico
          comB DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 583 13 experimental 570 insolico
          comD DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 579 15 experimental 564 insolico
          micA Competence regulation 558 1 experimental 557 insolico
          micB Competence regulation 552 1 experimental 551 insolico
          opaR Competence regulation 537 1 experimental 536 insolico
          comQ DNA binding and uptake Competence regulation 495 3 experimental 492 insolico
          cqsS Competence regulation 455 1 experimental 454 insolico
          oppD Competence regulation 415 1 experimental 414 insolico
          scnR Competence regulation 401 1 experimental 400 insolico
          pptB Competence regulation 397 2 experimental 395 insolico
          cilB DNA processing Competence regulation 375 6 experimental 369 insolico
          covS Competence regulation 375 2 experimental 373 insolico
          dalA DNA processing Competence regulation 375 6 experimental 369 insolico
          comW Competence regulation 257 6 experimental 251 insolico
          rcrR Competence regulation 254 1 experimental 253 insolico
          luxQ Competence regulation 234 1 experimental 233 insolico
          comD1 Competence regulation 219 5 experimental 214 insolico
          oppA Competence regulation 219 1 experimental 218 insolico
          comC1 Competence regulation 215 6 experimental 209 insolico
          rocC Competence regulation 185 1 experimental 184 insolico
          comR2 Unclear Competence regulation 176 2 experimental 174 insolico
          letA Competence regulation 175 2 experimental 173 insolico
          letS Competence regulation 175 1 experimental 174 insolico
          cipB Competence regulation 171 1 experimental 170 insolico
          tfoS Competence regulation 171 1 experimental 170 insolico
          lqsT Competence regulation 168 1 experimental 167 insolico
          hapR Competence regulation 165 2 experimental 163 insolico
          CJE1441 Competence regulation 161 1 experimental 160 insolico
          ideA Competence regulation 161 1 experimental 160 insolico
          comD2 Competence regulation 100 3 experimental 97 insolico
          comE2 Competence regulation 76 2 experimental 74 insolico
          comC2 Competence regulation 74 3 experimental 71 insolico
          comD3 Competence regulation 47 1 experimental 46 insolico
          scnK Competence regulation 45 1 experimental 44 insolico
          nlmE Competence regulation 38 1 experimental 37 insolico
          irvR Competence regulation 36 1 experimental 35 insolico
          hdrM Competence regulation 34 1 experimental 33 insolico
          brsM Competence regulation 31 1 experimental 30 insolico
          hdrR Competence regulation 31 1 experimental 30 insolico
          brsR Competence regulation 30 1 experimental 29 insolico
          blpC Competence regulation 28 1 experimental 27 insolico
          comR1 Competence regulation 28 2 experimental 26 insolico
          blpH Competence regulation 27 1 experimental 26 insolico
          comX1 Competence regulation 17 9 experimental 8 insolico
          sigX1 Competence regulation 13 5 experimental 8 insolico
          pilAII Competence regulation 9 1 experimental 8 insolico
          agrC Competence regulation 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
          comEB Competence regulation 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
          rocR Competence regulation 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
          scnC Competence regulation 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
          XrpA Competence regulation 1 1 experimental 0 insolico

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            experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted

            Auxiliary factors comprise restriction-modification (RM) systems or endonucleases modulating transformation efficiency via foreign DNA degradation, and autolysins enabling DNA release through cell lysis.

            Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes
            lytF Cell lysis 14 2 experimental 12 insolico
            cbpD Cell lysis 9 9 experimental 0 insolico
            dns Defense system 4 4 experimental 0 insolico
            lytA Cell lysis 4 4 experimental 0 insolico
            lytC Cell lysis 4 4 experimental 0 insolico
            crfP Cell lysis 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            ctsM Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            H0N27_10820 Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            H0N27_10825 Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            H0N27_10830 Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            mutS Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            nlaIV Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            pstI Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            ydiA Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            ydiO Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            ydiP Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            ydiR Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
            ydiS Defense system 1 1 experimental 0 insolico

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              experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted

              Genes proved to be essential for natural transformation, but the detailed mechanisms remained uncharacterized.

              Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes
              comM DNA binding and uptake DNA processing Unclear Competence regulation 18818 14 experimental 18804 insolico
              cinA Unclear Homologous recombination 5912 9 experimental 5903 insolico
              clpP Unclear Competence regulation 4121 13 experimental 4108 insolico
              coiA DNA binding and uptake Homologous recombination Unclear 2682 10 experimental 2672 insolico
              comF DNA binding and uptake Unclear 2214 11 experimental 2203 insolico
              clpX Unclear Competence regulation 1478 2 experimental 1476 insolico
              comR Unclear Competence regulation 1236 15 experimental 1221 insolico
              comR2 Unclear Competence regulation 176 2 experimental 174 insolico
              adcA Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
              adcB Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
              adcC Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
              comYI DNA binding and uptake Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
              djlA Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
              lpp3030 Unclear 2 2 experimental 0 insolico
              A4U84_RS02730 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              atpA Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              atpB Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              cdx Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              chiA2 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              chiB Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              Cj1211 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              clpA Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              ctsW Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              dca Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              ecnA Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              F7686_RS05975 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              gntX Unclear 1 0 experimental 1 insolico
              htkA Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              MMJJ_11080 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              MMJJ_11090 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              MMJJ_13020 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              MMJJ_13030 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              MMJJ_17200 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              ppk1 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              psaA Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              ptsI Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS02645 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS03780 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS04070 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS04915 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS04920 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS05975 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS06070 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS07335 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS07455 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS08100 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS08490 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS09020 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS09855 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS09870 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS09875 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              RA0C_RS09880 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              rho Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              ruvB Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              SMU.769 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              SMU.836 Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              tfoY Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              tonBA Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              tonBB Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              yhfW Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico
              yhxC Unclear 1 1 experimental 0 insolico

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                experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted

                Gene name Function Number of NT genes Number of Exp. NT genes Number of Pred. NT genes

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                  experimental Experimentally validated     insolico Bioinformatically predicted